ZINC (Zn) • Elemento 30 • Magnitudes Físicas/Propiedades Químicas • Descripción • Usos/Funciones • Isótopos • Termoquímica • Reacciones • Configuración Electrónica y la Vinculación • Vídeo

ZINC

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Introducción

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Número Atómico:	30	Grupo:	12 or II B	30	65.409
Peso Atómico:	65.409	Periodo:	4	Zn
		Número CAS:	7440-66-6	Zn
				ZINC

Clasificación

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Descripción

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Centuries beforezinc was recognized as a distinct element, zinc ores were used for making brass. Tubal-Cain, seven generations from Adam, is mentioned as beingan “instructor in every artificer in brass and iron.” An alloy containing 87% zinc has been found in prehistoric ruins in Transylvania. Metallic zincwas produced in the 13th century A.D. in India by reducing calamine with organic substances such as wool. The metal was rediscovered in Europeby Marggraf in 1746, who showed that it could be obtained by reducing calamine with charcoal. The principal ores of zinc are sphalerite or blende(sulfide), smithsonite (carbonate), calamine (silicate), and franklinite (zinc, manganese, iron oxide). Zinc can be obtained by roasting its ores to formthe oxide and by reduction of the oxide with coal or carbon, with subsequent distillation of the metal. Other methods of extraction are possible. Naturallyoccurring zinc contains five stable isotopes. Twenty three other unstable isotopes and isomers are recognized. Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous metal.It is brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable at 100 to 150°C. It is a fair conductor of electricity, and burns in air at high red heat with evolutionof white clouds of the oxide. The metal is employed to form numerous alloys with other metals. Brass, nickel silver, typewriter metal, commercialbronze, spring brass, German silver, soft solder, and aluminum solder are some of the more important alloys. Large quantities of zinc are used to producedie castings, used extensively by the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. An alloy called Prestal (R), consisting of 78% zinc and 22%aluminum is reported to be almost as strong as steel but as easy to mold as plastic. It is said to be so plastic that it can be molded into form by relativelyinexpensive die casts made of ceramics and cement. It exhibits superplasticity. Zinc is also extensively used to galvanize other metals such as iron toprevent corrosion. Neither zinc nor zirconium is ferromagnetic; but ZrZn2 exhibits ferromagnetism at temperatures below 35 K. Zinc oxide is a uniqueand very useful material to modern civilization. It is widely used in the manufacture of paints, rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, floorcoverings, plastics, printing inks, soap, storage batteries, textiles, electrical equipment, and other products. It has unusual electrical, thermal, optical,and solid-state properties that have not yet been fully investigated. Lithopone, a mixture of zinc sulfide and barium sulfate, is an important pigment.Zinc sulfide is used in making luminous dials, X-ray and TV screens, and fluorescent lights. The chloride and chromate are also important compounds.Zinc is an essential element in the growth of human beings and animals. Tests show that zinc-deficient animals require 50% more food to gain the sameweight as an animal supplied with sufficient zinc. Zinc is not considered to be toxic, but when freshly formed ZnO is inhaled a disorder known as theoxide shakes or zinc chills sometimes occurs. It is recommended that where zinc oxide is encountered good ventilation be provided. The commercialprice of zinc was roughly 50¢/lb ($1.10 kg) in January 1996. Zinc metal with a purity of 99.9999% is priced at about 50¢/g. ¹

Usos/Funciones

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"enzymes, protein synthesis, cell division...important for the structure and function of biomembranes...helps to stabilize the structures of RNA, DNA, and ribosomes. Several transcription factors contain 'Zn fingers,' which are needed for the binding of these transcription factors to the DNA. Thus zinc is absolutely necessary for adequate growth, protein synthesis, and cell division. " ²
"Zinc is a bright, lustrous, white metal and, between 100°C and 150°C, can be shaped by rolling and stamping. Sheet zinc is used in coverings and linings.
The container of a dry cell battery is zinc and serves as the negative plate. Zinc forms are used on which rubber is deposited electrolytically for gloves and swimming caps.
Galvanized iron is iron covered with a thin layer of zinc, which acts as a protective coating and prevents rusting.
Zinc is used in making several important alloys. Brass is composed of copper and zinc; bronze sometimes contains zinc in addition to the copper and tin." ³
"The most important use for zinc is in providing a protective coating for other metals. Although zinc is an active metal, it forms an adherent oxide coat that protects the zinc from further oxidation by air. Galvanized steel is made by either dipping steel sheets in molten zinc or by electrolytic deposition of zinc on steel. Paints containing zinc powder are also used. The zinc protects the steel directly by keeping the oxygen away. But even if the zinc coating is broken, the steel remains uncorroded because of cathodic reduction. The zinc metal coating becomes the anode and oxidizes in preference to the exposed steel, which becomes the cathode. Zinc is also used as the anode in batteries, including the zinc-carbon dry cell, the alkaline dry cell, and the mercury(II) oxide cell.
Brass is an alloy of copper with 20%-50% zinc. Its discovery predates many centuries the discovery of zinc. The early Romans prepared brass by heating together zinc ore, charcoal, and copper. Today brass is produced by melting a mixture of zinc metals. Brass and similar alloys are important for making castings." ⁴

Magnitudes Físicas

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Punto de Fusión:⁵*	419.53 °C = 692.68 K = 787.154 °F	Punto de Ebullición:⁵*	907 °C = 1180.15 K = 1664.6 °F
Punto de Sublimación:⁵		Punto Triple:⁵
Punto Crítico:⁵

Densidad:⁶	7.14 g/cm³

* - at 1 atm

Configuración Electrónica y la Vinculación

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Configuración Electrónica:	[Ar] 4s² 3d¹⁰				Estructura de Lewis
						x
Bloque:	d					Zn	x
Nivel Más Alto de Energía Ocupados:	4					Zn
Electrones de Valencia:	2
Números Cuánticos:	n = 3	ℓ = 2	m_ℓ = 2	m_s = -½

La información contenida en esta sección se pueden derivar de la tabla periódica. Diagramas de puntos de Lewis y electrones de valencia no son útiles para los metales de transición, lantánidos y actínidos. Sólo los electrones de valencia se muestran para estos elementos. Números cuánticos se dan para el final de electrones.

Electronegatividad (Escala de Pauling):⁷		1.65		Electropositivity (Escala de Pauling):		2.35
Afinidad Electrónica:⁸		not stable eV		Estados de Oxidación:		+2
Función de Trabajo:⁹		4.30 eV = 6.8886E-19 J

Energía de Ionización	eV ¹⁰		kJ/mol	Energía de Ionización	eV ¹⁰		kJ/mol
1	9.3942		906.4	12	310.8		29987.6
2	17.9644		1733.3	13	419.7		40494.9
3	39.723		3832.7	14	454		43804.3
4	59.4		5731.2	15	490		47277.8
5	82.6		7969.7	16	542		52295.0
6	108		10420.4	17	579		55865.0
7	134		12929.0	18	619		59724.4
8	174		16788.4	19	698		67346.7
9	203		19586.5	20	738		71206.2
10	238		22963.5	21	1856		179076.7
11	274		26437.0

Termoquímica

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Capacidad Calorífica:		0.388 J/g°C ¹¹ = 25.379 J/mol°C = 0.093 cal/g°C = 6.066 cal/mol°C
Conductividad Térmica:		116 (W/m)/K, 27ºC ¹²
Entalpía de Fusión:		7.322 kJ/mol ¹³ = 111.9 J/g
Entalpía de Vaporización:		115.3 kJ/mol ¹⁴ = 1762.8 J/g

Estado de Agregación de la Materia	Entalpía de Formación¹⁵		Entropía¹⁵		Energía Libre de Gibbs¹⁵
	(kcal/mol)	(kJ/mol)	(cal/K)	(J/K)	(kcal/mol)	(kJ/mol)
(s)	0	0	9.95	41.6308	0	0
(g)	31.245	130.72908	38.450	160.8748	22.748	95.177632

Isótopos

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Nucleido	Masa ¹⁶	Periodo de Semidesintegración ¹⁶	Espín ¹⁶	Energía de enlace nuclear
⁵⁴Zn	53.99295(43)#		0+	410.04 MeV
⁵⁵Zn	54.98398(27)#	20# ms [>1.6 µs]	5/2-#	426.50 MeV
⁵⁶Zn	55.97238(28)#	36(10) ms	0+	444.83 MeV
⁵⁷Zn	56.96479(11)#	38(4) ms	7/2-#	460.36 MeV
⁵⁸Zn	57.95459(5)	84(9) ms	0+	477.76 MeV
⁵⁹Zn	58.94926(4)	182.0(18) ms	3/2-	490.50 MeV
⁶⁰Zn	59.941827(11)	2.38(5) min	0+	506.03 MeV
⁶¹Zn	60.939511(17)	89.1(2) s	3/2-	515.97 MeV
⁶²Zn	61.934330(11)	9.186(13) h	0+	528.71 MeV
⁶³Zn	62.9332116(17)	38.47(5) min	3/2-	537.72 MeV
⁶⁴Zn	63.9291422(7)	ESTABLE	0+	549.52 MeV
⁶⁵Zn	64.9292410(7)	243.66(9) d	5/2-	557.60 MeV
⁶⁶Zn	65.9260334(10)	ESTABLE	0+	568.47 MeV
⁶⁷Zn	66.9271273(10)	ESTABLE	5/2-	575.62 MeV
⁶⁸Zn	67.9248442(10)	ESTABLE	0+	586.49 MeV
⁶⁹Zn	68.9265503(10)	56.4(9) min	1/2-	592.71 MeV
⁷⁰Zn	69.9253193(21)	ESTABLE	0+	601.72 MeV
⁷¹Zn	70.927722(11)	2.45(10) min	1/2-	607.94 MeV
⁷²Zn	71.926858(7)	46.5(1) h	0+	616.95 MeV
⁷³Zn	72.92978(4)	23.5(10) s	(1/2)-	622.23 MeV
⁷⁴Zn	73.92946(5)	95.6(12) s	0+	630.31 MeV
⁷⁵Zn	74.93294(8)	10.2(2) s	(7/2+)#	635.59 MeV
⁷⁶Zn	75.93329(9)	5.7(3) s	0+	642.74 MeV
⁷⁷Zn	76.93696(13)	2.08(5) s	(7/2+)#	648.02 MeV
⁷⁸Zn	77.93844(10)	1.47(15) s	0+	654.24 MeV
⁷⁹Zn	78.94265(28)#	0.995(19) s	(9/2+)	658.59 MeV
⁸⁰Zn	79.94434(18)	545(16) ms	0+	664.81 MeV
⁸¹Zn	80.95048(32)#	290(50) ms	5/2+#	667.29 MeV
⁸²Zn	81.95442(54)#	100# ms [>300 ns]	0+	671.65 MeV
⁸³Zn	82.96103(54)#	80# ms [>300 ns]	5/2+#	673.20 MeV
Los valores marcados con # no se derivan exclusivamente de datos experimentales, pero al menos en parte, de las tendencias sistemáticas. Tiradas con argumentos de asignación débiles están encerrados entre paréntesis. ¹⁶

Reacciones

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ZnO + C → Zn + CO ¹⁷
ZnO (s) + CO (g) → Zn (s) + CO2 (g) ¹⁸

Abundancia

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Tierra:	Fuente Compuestos:	sulfides ¹⁹
Tierra:	Agua de mar:	0.0049 mg/L ²⁰
Tierra:	Corteza:	70 mg/kg = 0.007% ²⁰
Tierra:	Litosfera:	0.008% ²¹
Tierra:	Total:	74 ppm ²²
Mercurio:	Total:	12.1 ppm ²²
Venus:	Total:	82 ppm ²²
Condritas:	Total:	130 (relative to 10⁶ atoms of Si) ²³
Cuerpo Humano:	Total:	0.0033% ²⁴

Compuestos

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zinc acetate	zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate	zinc phosphate
zinc acetate dihydrate	zinc dithiophosphate	zinc phosphide
zinc ammonium chloride	zinc ethylphenyldithiocarbamate	zinc phosphite
zinc ammonium sulfate	zinc ferrocyanide	zinc potassium cyanide
zinc antimonide	zinc fluoride	zinc propionate
zinc arsenate	zinc fumarate	zinc pyrithione
zinc arsenide	zinc glyercophosphate	zinc pyrophosphate
zinc arsenite	zinc hydride	zinc selenide
zinc bis(pentachlorophenol)	zinc hydroxide	zinc silicofluoride
zinc borate	zinc iodate	zinc stannate
zinc bromide	zinc iodide	zinc stearate
zinc caprylate	zinc lactate	zinc succinate
zinc carbonate	zinc molybdate	zinc sulfate
zinc carbonate hydroxide hydrate	zinc nitrate	zinc sulfate heptahydrate
zinc chlorate	zinc nitrate hexahydrate	zinc sulfate monohydrate
zinc chloride	zinc nitride	zinc sulfide
zinc chromate	zinc nitrite	zinc telluride
zinc chromate hydroxide	zinc orthosilicate	zinc thiocyanate
zinc chromite	zinc oxalate	zinc titanate
zinc citrate dihydrate	zinc oxide	zinc tungstate
zinc cyanide	zinc perchlorate	zincon
zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate	zinc permanganate
zinc dichromate	zinc peroxide

Precios

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Ficha de Datos de Seguridad

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ACI Alloys, Inc.

Idiomas

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Afrikáans:	Sink	Albanés:	Zink	Armenio:	Ցինկ	Árabe:	خارصين
Arumano:	Tsincu	Euskera:	Zinka	Bosnio:	Cink	Bretón:	Zink
Búlgaro:	Цинк	Bielorruso:	Цынк	Catalán:	Zinc	Chino:	锌
Córnico:	Synk	Croata:	Cink	Checo:	Zinek	Danés:	Zink
Neerlandés:	Zink	Esperanto:	Zinko	Estonio:	Tsink	Feroés:	Sink
Finés:	Sinkki	Francés:	Zinc	Friulano:	Zinc	Frisio:	Sink
Gallego:	Cinc	Georgiano:	თუთია	Alemán:	Zink	Griego:	Ψευdαργυρος
Hebreo:	אבץ	Húngaro:	Cink	Islandés:	Sink	Irlandés:	Sinc
Italiano:	Zinco	Japonés:	亜鉛	Casubio:	Cynk	Kazajo:	Мырыш
Coreano:	아연	Letónico:	Cinks	Lituano:	Cinkas	Luxemburgués:	Zénk
Macedonio:	Цинк	Malayo:	Zink, Seng	Maltés:	Zingu	Manés:	Shinc
Moksha:	Цинка	Mongol:	Цайр	Noruego:	Sink	Occitano:	Zinc
Osetio:	Цинк	Polaco:	Cynk	Portugués:	Zinco	Ruso:	Цинк
Gaélico Escocés:	Sinc	Serbio:	Цинк	Eslovaco:	Zinok	Español:	Zinc
:	Cinkas	Suajili:	Zinki	Sueco:	Zink	Tayiko:	Ruh
Tailandés:	สังกะสี	Turco:	Çinko	Ucraniano:	Цинк	Uzbeko:	Рух
Vietnamita:	Ke~m	Galés:	Zinc

Véase También

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Enlaces Externos:
About.com	American Elements
Chemical & Engineering News	Chemical Elements
ChemGlobe	Chemicool
Environmental Chemistry	Eni Generalic
HyperPhysics from Georgia State University's Department of Physics and Astronomy	InfoPlease
Lenntech	Laboratorio Nacional de Los Álamos
Physics Department of the University of Coimbra	Qivx Inc.
Royal Society of Chemistry's Visual Elements	Schenectady County Community College
Thomas Jefferson Lab National Accelerator Facility	WebElements
Wikipedia	X-ray properties: Carlo Segre from Illinois Institute of Technology

Fuentes

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(1) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:35-4:36.

(2) - Whitten, Kenneth W., Davis, Raymond E., and Peck, M. Larry. General Chemistry 6th ed.; Saunders College Publishing: Orlando, FL, 2000; p 926-7.

(3) - Brownlee, Raymond B., Fuller, Robert W., and Whitsit, Jesse E. Elements of Chemistry; Allyn and Bacon: Boston, Massachusetts, 1959; pp 559-60.

(4) - Ebbing, Darrell D. General Chemistry 3rd ed.; Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, MA, 1990; p 782.

(5) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:132.

(6) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:39-4:96.

(7) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 11th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1973; p 4:8-4:149.

(8) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:147-10:148.

(9) - Speight, James. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 16th ed.; McGraw-Hill Professional: Boston, MA, 2004; p 1:132.

(10) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:178 - 10:180.

(11) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:133.

(12) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:193, 12:219-220.

(13) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:123-6:137.

(14) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:107-6:122.

(15) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 12th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1979; p 9:4-9:94.

(16) - Atomic Mass Data Center. http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html (accessed July 14, 2009).

(17) - Swaddle, T.W. Inorganic Chemistry; Academic Press: San Diego, 1997; p 385.

(18) - Ebbing, Darrell D. General Chemistry 3rd ed.; Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, MA, 1990; p 138.

(19) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 965.

(20) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 14:17.

(21) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 964.

(22) - Morgan, John W. and Anders, Edward, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 6973-6977 (1980)

(23) - Brownlow, Arthur. Geochemistry; Prentice-Hall, Inc.: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1979, pp 15-16.

(24) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 7:17.

Comentarios

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ZINC

Tabla Periódica

Metal	No Metal	Semimetal
Alcalino	Metales Alcalinotérreos	Metal de transición	Anfígeno	Halógeno
Gases nobles	Lantánido	Actínido	Tierras Raras	Platino Metal Grupo
Transuránicos	No Isótopos Estables
Sólido	Líquido	Gas	Sólido (Predicción)

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