ITRIO (Y) • Elemento 39 • Magnitudes Físicas/Propiedades Químicas • Descripción • Usos/Funciones • Isótopos • Termoquímica • Reacciones • Configuración Electrónica y la Vinculación • Vídeo

ITRIO

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Introducción

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Número Atómico:	39	Grupo:	3 or III B	39	88.90585
Peso Atómico:	88.90585	Periodo:	5	Y
		Número CAS:	7440-65-5	Y
				ITRIO

Clasificación

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Descripción

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Yttria, which is an earth containing yttrium, was discovered by Gadolin in 1794. Ytterby is the site of a quarry which yielded many unusually mineralscontaining rare earths and other elements. This small town, near Stockholm, bears the honor of giving names to erbium, terbium, and ytterbium as wellas yttrium. In 1843 Mosander showed that yttria could be resolved into the oxides (or earths) of three elements. The name yttria was reserved for themost basic one; the others were named erbia and terbia. Yttrium occurs in nearly all of the rare-earth minerals. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtainedduring the Apollo missions show a relatively high yttrium content. It is recovered commercially from monazite sand, which contains about 3%, andfrom bastnasite, which contains about 0.2%. Wohler obtained the impure element in 1828 by reduction of the anhydrous chloride with potassium. Themetal is now produced commercially by reduction of the fluoride with calcium metal. It can also be prepared by other techniques. Yttrium has a silvermetallicluster and is relatively stable in air. Turnings of the metal, however, ignite in air if their temperature exceeds 400°C, and finely divided yttriumis very unstable in air. Yttrium oxide is one of the most important compounds of yttrium and accounts for the largest use. It is widely used in makingYVO4 europium, and Y2O3 europium phosphors to give the red color in color television tubes. Many hundreds of thousands of pounds are now usedin this application. Yttrium oxide also is used to produce yttrium-iron-garnets, which are very effective microwave filters. Yttrium iron, aluminum,and gadolinium garnets, with formulas such as Y3Fe5O12 and Y3Al5O12, have interesting magnetic properties. Yttrium iron garnet is also exceptionallyefficient as both a transmitter and transducer of acoustic energy. Yttrium aluminum garnet, with a hardness of 8.5, is also finding use as a gemstone(simulated diamond). Small amounts of yttrium (0.1 to 0.2%) can be used to reduce the grain size in chromium, molybdenum, zirconium, and titanium,and to increase strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys. Alloys with other useful properties can be obtained by using yttrium as an additive. Themetal can be used as a deoxidizer for vanadium and other nonferrous metals. The metal has a low cross section for nuclear capture. 90Y, one of theisotopes of yttrium, exists in equilibrium with its parent 90Sr, a product of atomic explosions. Yttrium has been considered for use as a nodulizer forproducing nodular cast iron, in which the graphite forms compact nodules instead of the usual flakes. Such iron has increased ductility. Yttrium is alsofinding application in laser systems and as a catalyst for ethylene polymerization.It has also potential use in ceramic and glass formulas, as the oxidehas a high melting point and imparts shock resistance and low expansion characteristics to glass. Natural yttrium contains but one isotope, yttrium-89. Thirtyseven other unstable isotopes and isomers have been characterized. Yttrium metal of 99.9% purity is commercially available at a cost of about $4/g. ¹

Usos/Funciones

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"Night-vision goggles require...yttrium." ²
"[in] a compact fluorescent lightbulb" ³

Magnitudes Físicas

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Punto de Fusión:⁴*	1522 °C = 1795.15 K = 2771.6 °F	Punto de Ebullición:⁴*	3345 °C = 3618.15 K = 6053 °F
Punto de Sublimación:⁴		Punto Triple:⁴
Punto Crítico:⁴

Densidad:⁵	4.47 g/cm³

* - at 1 atm

Configuración Electrónica y la Vinculación

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Configuración Electrónica:	[Kr] 5s² 4d¹				Estructura de Lewis
						x
Bloque:	d					Y	x
Nivel Más Alto de Energía Ocupados:	5					Y
Electrones de Valencia:	2
Números Cuánticos:	n = 4	ℓ = 2	m_ℓ = -2	m_s = +½

La información contenida en esta sección se pueden derivar de la tabla periódica. Diagramas de puntos de Lewis y electrones de valencia no son útiles para los metales de transición, lantánidos y actínidos. Sólo los electrones de valencia se muestran para estos elementos. Números cuánticos se dan para el final de electrones.

Electronegatividad (Escala de Pauling):⁶		1.22		Electropositivity (Escala de Pauling):		2.78
Afinidad Electrónica:⁷		0.307 eV		Estados de Oxidación:		+3
Función de Trabajo:⁸		3.1 eV = 4.9662E-19 J

Energía de Ionización	eV ⁹		kJ/mol	Energía de Ionización	eV ⁹		kJ/mol
1	6.2171		599.9	7	116		11192.3
2	12.24		1181.0	8	129		12446.6
3	20.52		1979.9	9	146.2		14106.2
4	60.597		5846.7	10	191		18428.7
5	77		7429.4	11	206		19876.0
6	93		8973.1	12	374		36085.5

Termoquímica

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Capacidad Calorífica:		0.298 J/g°C ¹⁰ = 26.494 J/mol°C = 0.071 cal/g°C = 6.332 cal/mol°C
Conductividad Térmica:		17.2 (W/m)/K, 27ºC ¹¹
Entalpía de Fusión:		11.4 kJ/mol ¹² = 128.2 J/g
Entalpía de Vaporización:		363 kJ/mol ¹³ = 4083.0 J/g

Estado de Agregación de la Materia	Entalpía de Formación¹⁴		Entropía¹⁴		Energía Libre de Gibbs¹⁴
	(kcal/mol)	(kJ/mol)	(cal/K)	(J/K)	(kcal/mol)	(kJ/mol)
(s)	0	0	10.62	44.43408	0	0
(g)	100.7	421.3288	42.87	179.36808	91.1	381.1624

Isótopos

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Nucleido	Masa ¹⁵	Periodo de Semidesintegración ¹⁵	Espín ¹⁵	Energía de enlace nuclear
¹⁰⁰Y	99.92776(8)	735(7) ms	1-,2-	832.12 MeV
¹⁰¹Y	100.93031(10)	426(20) ms	(5/2+)	837.40 MeV
¹⁰²Y	101.93356(9)	0.30(1) s		845.48 MeV
¹⁰³Y	102.93673(32)#	224(19) ms	5/2+#	853.56 MeV
¹⁰⁴Y	103.94105(43)#	180(60) ms		852.32 MeV
¹⁰⁵Y	104.94487(54)#	60# ms [>300 ns]	5/2+#	860.40 MeV
¹⁰⁶Y	105.94979(75)#	50# ms [>300 ns]		868.48 MeV
¹⁰⁷Y	106.95414(54)#	30# ms [>300 ns]	5/2+#	867.24 MeV
¹⁰⁸Y	107.95948(86)#	20# [>300 ns]		875.32 MeV
⁷⁶Y	75.95845(54)#	500# ns [>170 ns]		609.35 MeV
⁷⁷Y	76.94965(7)#	63(17) ms	5/2+#	625.81 MeV
⁷⁸Y	77.94361(43)#	54(5) ms	(0+)	639.48 MeV
⁷⁹Y	78.93735(48)	14.8(6) s	(5/2+)#	653.15 MeV
⁸⁰Y	79.93428(19)	30.1(5) s	4-	664.02 MeV
⁸¹Y	80.92913(7)	70.4(10) s	(5/2+)	676.76 MeV
⁸²Y	81.92679(11)	8.30(20) s	1+	687.63 MeV
⁸³Y	82.92235(5)	7.08(6) min	9/2+	699.44 MeV
⁸⁴Y	83.92039(10)	4.6(2) s	1+	709.38 MeV
⁸⁵Y	84.916433(20)	2.68(5) h	(1/2)-	721.19 MeV
⁸⁶Y	85.914886(15)	14.74(2) h	4-	731.13 MeV
⁸⁷Y	86.9108757(17)	79.8(3) h	1/2-	742.93 MeV
⁸⁸Y	87.9095011(20)	106.616(13) d	4-	751.94 MeV
⁸⁹Y	88.9058483(27)	ESTABLE	1/2-	763.75 MeV
⁹⁰Y	89.9071519(27)	64.053(20) h	2-	769.96 MeV
⁹¹Y	90.907305(3)	58.51(6) d	1/2-	778.04 MeV
⁹²Y	91.908949(10)	3.54(1) h	2-	785.19 MeV
⁹³Y	92.909583(11)	10.18(8) h	1/2-	792.34 MeV
⁹⁴Y	93.911595(8)	18.7(1) min	2-	798.55 MeV
⁹⁵Y	94.912821(8)	10.3(1) min	1/2-	805.70 MeV
⁹⁶Y	95.915891(25)	5.34(5) s	0-	810.98 MeV
⁹⁷Y	96.918134(13)	3.75(3) s	(1/2-)	816.27 MeV
⁹⁸Y	97.922203(26)	0.548(2) s	(0)-	820.62 MeV
⁹⁹Y	98.924636(26)	1.470(7) s	(5/2+)	826.84 MeV
Los valores marcados con # no se derivan exclusivamente de datos experimentales, pero al menos en parte, de las tendencias sistemáticas. Tiradas con argumentos de asignación débiles están encerrados entre paréntesis. ¹⁵

Reacciones

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Abundancia

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Tierra:	Fuente Compuestos:	phosphates ¹⁶
Tierra:	Agua de mar:	0.000013 mg/L ¹⁷
Tierra:	Corteza:	33 mg/kg = 0.0033% ¹⁷
Tierra:	Total:	2.62 ppm ¹⁸
Mercurio:	Total:	2.01 ppm ¹⁸
Venus:	Total:	2.74 ppm ¹⁸
Condritas:	Total:	3.4 (relative to 10⁶ atoms of Si) ¹⁹

Compuestos

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yttrium(II) carbide	yttrium(III) chloride	yttrium(III) oxide
yttrium(II) hydride	yttrium(III) fluoride	yttrium(III) phosphide
yttrium(III) antimonide	yttrium(III) formate	yttrium(III) sulfide
yttrium(III) arsenide	yttrium(III) hydride	yttrium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate
yttrium(III) boride	yttrium(III) iodide	yttrium(III) vanadate
yttrium(III) bromide	yttrium(III) nitride

Ficha de Datos de Seguridad

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ACI Alloys, Inc.

Idiomas

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Afrikáans:	Ittrium	Albanés:	Itrium	Armenio:	Իտրիում	Árabe:	إتريوم
Arumano:	Itriumu	Euskera:	Itrioa	Bosnio:	Itrij	Bretón:	Itriom
Búlgaro:	Итрий	Bielorruso:	Iтрый	Catalán:	Itri	Chino:	钇
Córnico:	Ytryum	Croata:	Itrij	Checo:	Yttrium	Danés:	Yttrium
Neerlandés:	Yttrium	Esperanto:	Itrio	Estonio:	Ütrium	Feroés:	Yttrium
Finés:	Yttrium	Francés:	Yttrium	Friulano:	Itri	Frisio:	Yttrium
Gallego:	Itrio	Georgiano:	იტრიუმი	Alemán:	Yttrium	Griego:	Υττριο
Hebreo:	איטריום	Húngaro:	Ittrium	Islandés:	Yttrín	Irlandés:	Itriam
Italiano:	Ittrio	Japonés:	イットリウム	Casubio:	Éter	Kazajo:	Иттрий
Coreano:	이트륨	Letónico:	Itrijs	Lituano:	Itris	Luxemburgués:	Yttrium
Macedonio:	Итриум	Malayo:	Yttrium, Itrium	Maltés:	Ittrijum	Manés:	Yttrium
Moksha:	Итри	Mongol:	Иттри	Noruego:	Yttrium	Occitano:	Ittri
Osetio:	Иттрий	Polaco:	Itr	Portugués:	Itrio	Ruso:	Иттрий
Gaélico Escocés:	Itriam	Serbio:	Итриjум	Eslovaco:	Ytrium	Español:	Itrio
:	Itrijan	Suajili:	Yitri	Sueco:	Yttrium	Tayiko:	Ittri'
Tailandés:	อิตเทรียม	Turco:	Itriyum	Ucraniano:	Iтрій	Uzbeko:	Иттрий
Vietnamita:	Ytri	Galés:	Ytriwm

Véase También

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Enlaces Externos:
About.com	American Elements
Chemical & Engineering News	Chemical Elements
ChemGlobe	Chemicool
Environmental Chemistry	Eni Generalic
HyperPhysics from Georgia State University's Department of Physics and Astronomy	InfoPlease
Lenntech	Laboratorio Nacional de Los Álamos
Physics Department of the University of Coimbra	Qivx Inc.
Royal Society of Chemistry's Visual Elements	Schenectady County Community College
Thomas Jefferson Lab National Accelerator Facility	WebElements
Wikipedia	X-ray properties: Carlo Segre from Illinois Institute of Technology
Revistas:
(1) Folger, Tim. The Secret Ingredients of Everything. National Geographic, June 2011, pp 136-145.

Fuentes

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(1) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:35.

(2) - Folger, Tim. The Secret Ingredients of Everything. National Geographic, June 2011, p 140.

(3) - Folger, Tim. The Secret Ingredients of Everything. National Geographic, June 2011, p 140.

(4) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:132.

(5) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:39-4:96.

(6) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 11th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1973; p 4:8-4:149.

(7) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:147-10:148.

(8) - Speight, James. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 16th ed.; McGraw-Hill Professional: Boston, MA, 2004; p 1:132.

(9) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:178 - 10:180.

(10) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:133.

(11) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:193, 12:219-220.

(12) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:123-6:137.

(13) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:107-6:122.

(14) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 12th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1979; p 9:4-9:94.

(15) - Atomic Mass Data Center. http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html (accessed July 14, 2009).

(16) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 965.

(17) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 14:17.

(18) - Morgan, John W. and Anders, Edward, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 6973-6977 (1980)

(19) - Brownlow, Arthur. Geochemistry; Prentice-Hall, Inc.: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1979, pp 15-16.

Comentarios

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ITRIO

Tabla Periódica

Metal	No Metal	Semimetal
Alcalino	Metales Alcalinotérreos	Metal de transición	Anfígeno	Halógeno
Gases nobles	Lantánido	Actínido	Tierras Raras	Platino Metal Grupo
Transuránicos	No Isótopos Estables
Sólido	Líquido	Gas	Sólido (Predicción)

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