VANADIO (V) • Elemento 23 • Magnitudes Físicas/Propiedades Químicas • Descripción • Usos/Funciones • Isótopos • Termoquímica • Reacciones • Configuración Electrónica y la Vinculación • Vídeo

VANADIO

Nuestro principal apoyo proviene de los usuarios como tú. Usted o su empresa puede patrocinar esta página.

Introducción

tabla | arriba

Número Atómico:	23	Grupo:	5 or V B	23	50.9415
Peso Atómico:	50.9415	Periodo:	4	V
		Número CAS:	7440-62-2	V
				VANADIO

Clasificación

tabla | arriba

Descripción

tabla | arriba

Vanadium was first discovered by del Rio in 1801. Unfortunately, a French chemist incorrectly declared del Rio’s new element was onlyimpure chromium; del Rio thought himself to be mistaken and accepted the French chemist’s statement. The element was rediscovered in 1830 bySefstrom, who named the element in honor of the Scandinavian goddess Vanadis because of its beautiful multicolored compounds. It was isolated innearly pure form by Roscoe, in 1867, who reduced the chloride with hydrogen. Vanadium of 99.3 to 99.8% purity was not produced until 1927.Vanadium is found in about 65 different minerals among which are carnotite, roscoelite, vanadinite, and patronite important sources of the metal.Vanadium is also found in phosphate rock and certain iron ores, and is present in some crude oils in the form of organic complexes. It is also foundin small percentages in meteorites. Commercial production from petroleum ash holds promise as an important source of the element. High-purityductile vanadium can be obtained by reduction of vanadium trichloride with magnesium or with magnesium-sodium mixtures. Much of the vanadiummetal being produced is now made by calcium reduction of V2O5 in a pressure vessel, an adaption of a process developed by McKechnie and Seybolt.Natural vanadium is a mixture of two isotopes, 50V (0.25%) and 51V (99.75%). 50V is slightly radioactive, having a long half-life. Seventeen otherunstable isotopes are recognized. Pure vanadium is a bright white metal, and is soft and ductile. It has good corrosion resistance to alkalis, sulfuricand hydrochloric acid, and salt water, but the metal oxidizes readily above 660°C. The metal has good structural strength and a low fission neutroncross section, making it useful in nuclear applications. Vanadium is used in producing rust resistant, spring, and highspeed tool steels. It is an importantcarbide stabilizer in making steels. About 80% of the vanadium now produced is used as ferrovanadium or as a steel additive. Vanadium foil is usedas a bonding agent in cladding titanium to steel. Vanadium pentoxide is used in ceramics and as a catalyst. It is also used in producing a superconductivemagnet with a field of 175,000 gauss. Vanadium and its compounds are toxic and should be handled with care. Ductile vanadium is commerciallyavailable. Commercial vanadium metal, of about 95% purity, costs about $50kg. Vanadium metal (99.7%) costs about $1.50/g or $700/kg. ¹

Usos/Funciones

tabla | arriba

"Vanadium gives steel the ability to resist breakage under heavy shocks, and permits steel springs to be bent countless times without losing their elasticity." ²
"A number of transition metals (Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W) form interstitial carbides of composition MC and, in some cases, M₂C. These carbides have extremely high melting points; they are very hard, and they are good electrical conductors." ³

Magnitudes Físicas

tabla | arriba

Punto de Fusión:⁴*	1910 °C = 2183.15 K = 3470 °F	Punto de Ebullición:⁴*	3407 °C = 3680.15 K = 6164.6 °F
Punto de Sublimación:⁴		Punto Triple:⁴
Punto Crítico:⁴

Densidad:⁵	6.0 g/cm³

* - at 1 atm

Configuración Electrónica y la Vinculación

tabla | arriba

Configuración Electrónica:	[Ar] 4s² 3d³				Estructura de Lewis
						x
Bloque:	d					V	x
Nivel Más Alto de Energía Ocupados:	4					V
Electrones de Valencia:	2
Números Cuánticos:	n = 3	ℓ = 2	m_ℓ = 0	m_s = +½

La información contenida en esta sección se pueden derivar de la tabla periódica. Diagramas de puntos de Lewis y electrones de valencia no son útiles para los metales de transición, lantánidos y actínidos. Sólo los electrones de valencia se muestran para estos elementos. Números cuánticos se dan para el final de electrones.

Electronegatividad (Escala de Pauling):⁶		1.63		Electropositivity (Escala de Pauling):		2.37
Afinidad Electrónica:⁷		0.525 eV		Estados de Oxidación:		+5,2,3,4
Función de Trabajo:⁸		4.44 eV = 7.11288E-19 J

Energía de Ionización	eV ⁹		kJ/mol	Energía de Ionización	eV ⁹		kJ/mol
1	6.7462		650.9	13	336.277		32445.8
2	14.66		1414.5	14	896		86450.8
3	29.311		2828.1	15	976		94169.7
4	46.709		4506.7	16	1060		102274.4
5	65.2817		6298.7	17	1168		112694.8
6	128.13		12362.7	18	1260		121571.5
7	150.6		14530.7	19	1355		130737.6
8	173.4		16730.6	20	1486		143377.2
9	205.8		19856.7	21	1569.6		151443.3
10	230.5		22239.9	22	6851.3		661049.8
11	255.7		24671.3	23	7246.12		699144.1
12	308.1		29727.1

Termoquímica

tabla | arriba

Capacidad Calorífica:		0.489 J/g°C ¹⁰ = 24.910 J/mol°C = 0.117 cal/g°C = 5.954 cal/mol°C
Conductividad Térmica:		30.7 (W/m)/K, 27ºC ¹¹
Entalpía de Fusión:		20.9 kJ/mol ¹² = 410.3 J/g
Entalpía de Vaporización:		0.452 kJ/mol ¹³ = 8.9 J/g

Estado de Agregación de la Materia	Entalpía de Formación¹⁴		Entropía¹⁴		Energía Libre de Gibbs¹⁴
	(kcal/mol)	(kJ/mol)	(cal/K)	(J/K)	(kcal/mol)	(kJ/mol)
(s)	0	0	6.91	28.91144	0	0
(g)	122.90	514.2136	43.544	182.188096	108.32	453.21088

Isótopos

tabla | arriba

Nucleido	Masa ¹⁵	Periodo de Semidesintegración ¹⁵	Espín ¹⁵	Energía de enlace nuclear
⁴⁰V	40.01109(54)#		2-#	287.09 MeV
⁴¹V	40.99978(22)#		7/2-#	306.35 MeV
⁴²V	41.99123(21)#	<55 ns	2-#	321.88 MeV
⁴³V	42.98065(25)#	80# ms	7/2-#	340.21 MeV
⁴⁴V	43.97411(13)	111(7) ms	(2+)	353.88 MeV
⁴⁵V	44.965776(18)	547(6) ms	7/2-	370.34 MeV
⁴⁶V	45.9602005(11)	422.50(11) ms	0+	383.08 MeV
⁴⁷V	46.9549089(9)	32.6(3) min	3/2-	396.75 MeV
⁴⁸V	47.9522537(27)	15.9735(25) d	4+	406.69 MeV
⁴⁹V	48.9485161(12)	329(3) d	7/2-	418.49 MeV
⁵⁰V	49.9471585(11)	1.4(4)×1017 a	6+	427.50 MeV
⁵¹V	50.9439595(11)	ESTABLE	7/2-	439.31 MeV
⁵²V	51.9447755(11)	3.743(5) min	3+	446.46 MeV
⁵³V	52.944338(3)	1.60(4) min	7/2-	454.54 MeV
⁵⁴V	53.946440(16)	49.8(5) s	3+	460.75 MeV
⁵⁵V	54.94723(11)	6.54(15) s	(7/2-)#	467.90 MeV
⁵⁶V	55.95053(22)	216(4) ms	(1+)	473.18 MeV
⁵⁷V	56.95256(25)	0.35(1) s	(3/2-)	479.40 MeV
⁵⁸V	57.95683(27)	191(8) ms	3+#	483.75 MeV
⁵⁹V	58.96021(33)	75(7) ms	7/2-#	488.10 MeV
⁶⁰V	59.96503(51)	122(18) ms	3+#	491.52 MeV
⁶¹V	60.96848(43)#	47.0(12) ms	7/2-#	496.81 MeV
⁶²V	61.97378(54)#	33.5(20) ms	3+#	500.23 MeV
⁶³V	62.97755(64)#	17(3) ms	(7/2-)#	504.58 MeV
⁶⁴V	63.98347(75)#	10# ms [>300 ns]		507.07 MeV
⁶⁵V	64.98792(86)#	10# ms	5/2-#	511.42 MeV
Los valores marcados con # no se derivan exclusivamente de datos experimentales, pero al menos en parte, de las tendencias sistemáticas. Tiradas con argumentos de asignación débiles están encerrados entre paréntesis. ¹⁵

Reacciones

tabla | arriba

Abundancia

tabla | arriba

Tierra:	Fuente Compuestos:	oxides ¹⁶
Tierra:	Agua de mar:	0.0025 mg/L ¹⁷
Tierra:	Corteza:	120 mg/kg = 0.012% ¹⁷
Tierra:	Litosfera:	0.014% ¹⁸
Tierra:	Total:	82 ppm ¹⁹
Mercurio:	Total:	63 ppm ¹⁹
Venus:	Total:	86 ppm ¹⁹
Condritas:	Total:	200 (relative to 10⁶ atoms of Si) ²⁰

Compuestos

tabla | arriba

Ficha de Datos de Seguridad

tabla | arriba

ACI Alloys, Inc.

Idiomas

tabla | arriba

Afrikáans:	Vanadium	Albanés:	Vanad	Armenio:	Վանադիում	Árabe:	فانديوم
Arumano:	Vanadiumu	Euskera:	Banadioa	Bosnio:	Vanadij	Bretón:	Vanadiom
Búlgaro:	Ванадий	Bielorruso:	Ванадый	Catalán:	Vanadi	Chino:	钒
Córnico:	Vanadyum	Croata:	Vanadij	Checo:	Vanad	Danés:	Vanadium
Neerlandés:	Vanadium	Esperanto:	Vanadio	Estonio:	Vanaadium	Feroés:	Vanadium
Finés:	Vanadiini	Francés:	Vanadium	Friulano:	Vanadi	Frisio:	Vanadium
Gallego:	Vanadio	Georgiano:	ვანდიუმი	Alemán:	Vanadium	Griego:	Βαναdιο
Hebreo:	ונדיום	Húngaro:	Vanádium	Islandés:	Vanadín	Irlandés:	Vanaidiam
Italiano:	Vanadio	Japonés:	バナジウム	Casubio:	Wônôd	Kazajo:	Ванадий
Coreano:	바나듐	Letónico:	Vanadijs	Lituano:	Vanadis	Luxemburgués:	Vanadium
Macedonio:	Ванадиум	Malayo:	Vanadium	Maltés:	Vanadjum	Manés:	Vanaadjum
Moksha:	Ванади	Mongol:	Ванади	Noruego:	Vanadium	Occitano:	Vanadi
Osetio:	Ванадий	Polaco:	Wanad	Portugués:	Vanádio	Ruso:	Ванадий
Gaélico Escocés:	Vanaidiam	Serbio:	Ванадиjум	Eslovaco:	Vanád	Español:	Vanadio
:	Unadijan	Suajili:	Vanadi	Sueco:	Vanadin	Tayiko:	Vanadi'
Tailandés:	วาเนเดียม	Turco:	Vanadyum	Ucraniano:	Ванадій	Uzbeko:	Ванадий
Vietnamita:	Vanadi	Galés:	Vanadiwm

Véase También

tabla | arriba

Enlaces Externos:
About.com	American Elements
Chemical & Engineering News	Chemical Elements
ChemGlobe	Chemicool
Environmental Chemistry	Eni Generalic
HyperPhysics from Georgia State University's Department of Physics and Astronomy	InfoPlease
Lenntech	Laboratorio Nacional de Los Álamos
Physics Department of the University of Coimbra	Qivx Inc.
Royal Society of Chemistry's Visual Elements	Schenectady County Community College
Thomas Jefferson Lab National Accelerator Facility	WebElements
Wikipedia	X-ray properties: Carlo Segre from Illinois Institute of Technology

Fuentes

tabla | arriba

(1) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:34.

(2) - Brownlee, Raymond B., Fuller, Robert W., and Whitsit, Jesse E. Elements of Chemistry; Allyn and Bacon: Boston, Massachusetts, 1959; p 560.

(3) - Jolly, William L. The Chemistry of the Non-Metals; Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1966; p 119.

(4) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:132.

(5) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:39-4:96.

(6) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 11th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1973; p 4:8-4:149.

(7) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:147-10:148.

(8) - Speight, James. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 16th ed.; McGraw-Hill Professional: Boston, MA, 2004; p 1:132.

(9) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:178 - 10:180.

(10) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:133.

(11) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:193, 12:219-220.

(12) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:123-6:137.

(13) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:107-6:122.

(14) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 12th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1979; p 9:4-9:94.

(15) - Atomic Mass Data Center. http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html (accessed July 14, 2009).

(16) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 965.

(17) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 14:17.

(18) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 964.

(19) - Morgan, John W. and Anders, Edward, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 6973-6977 (1980)

(20) - Brownlow, Arthur. Geochemistry; Prentice-Hall, Inc.: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1979, pp 15-16.

Comentarios

tabla | arriba

VANADIO

Tabla Periódica

Metal	No Metal	Semimetal
Alcalino	Metales Alcalinotérreos	Metal de transición	Anfígeno	Halógeno
Gases nobles	Lantánido	Actínido	Tierras Raras	Platino Metal Grupo
Transuránicos	No Isótopos Estables
Sólido	Líquido	Gas	Sólido (Predicción)

vanadium(I) hydride	vanadium(III) iodide	vanadium(IV) oxide
vanadium(II) bromide	vanadium(III) nitride	vanadium(IV) selenide
vanadium(II) chloride	vanadium(III) oxide	vanadium(IV) silicide
vanadium(II) fluoride	vanadium(III) sulfate	vanadium(IV) sulfide
vanadium(II) iodide	vanadium(III) sulfide	vanadium(IV) telluride
vanadium(II) oxide	vanadium(IV) bromide	vanadium(V) fluoride
vanadium(II) silicide	vanadium(IV) carbide	vanadium(V) oxide
vanadium(III) bromide	vanadium(IV) chloride	vanadium(V) oxytrichloride
vanadium(III) chloride	vanadium(IV) fluoride	vanadium(V) oxytrifluoride
vanadium(III) fluoride	vanadium(IV) iodide

¿Quieres añadir un comentario a esta página?

Nombre:	Correo-e:	Localización:

Su comentario deberá ser aprobado antes de que aparezca en la página.