MOLIBDENO (Mo) • Elemento 42 • Magnitudes Físicas/Propiedades Químicas • Descripción • Usos/Funciones • Isótopos • Termoquímica • Reacciones • Configuración Electrónica y la Vinculación • Vídeo

MOLIBDENO

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Introducción

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Número Atómico:	42	Grupo:	6 or VI B	42	95.94
Peso Atómico:	95.94	Periodo:	5	Mo
		Número CAS:	7439-98-7	Mo
				MOLIBDENO

Clasificación

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Descripción

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Before Scheele recognized molybdenite as a distinct ore of a new element in 1778, it was confused with graphite and lead ore. The metal was preparedin an impure form in 1782 by Hjelm. Molybdenum does not occur native, but is obtained principally from molybdenite (MoS2). Wulfenite (PbMoO4)and Powellite (Ca(MoW)O4) are also minor commercial ores. Molybdenum is also recovered as a by-product of copper and tungsten mining operations.The metal is prepared from the powder made by the hydrogen reduction of purified molybdic trioxide or ammonium molybdate. The metal is silverywhite, very hard, but is softer and more ductile than tungsten. It has a high elastic modulus, and only tungsten and tantalum, of the more readily availablemetals, have higher melting points. It is a valuable alloying agent, as it contributes to the hardenability and toughness of quenched and tempered steels.It also improves the strength of steel at high temperatures. It is used in certain nickel-based alloys, such as the “Hastelloys (R)” which are heat-resistantand corrosion-resistant to chemical solutions. Molybdenum oxidizes at elevated temperatures. The metal has found recent application as electrodesfor electrically heated glass furnaces and forehearths. The metal is also used in nuclear energy applications and for missile and aircraft parts.Molybdenum is valuable as a catalyst in the refining of petroleum. It has found application as a filament material in electronic and electrical applications.Molybdenum is an essential trace element in plant nutrition. Some lands are barren for lack of this element in the soil. Molybdenum sulfide is usefulas a lubricant, especially at high temperatures where oils would decompose. Almost all ultra-high strength steels with minimum yield points up to300,000 psi (lb/sq. in.) contain molybdenum in amounts from 0.25 to 8%. Natural molybdenum contains seven isotopes. Twenty three other isotopes andisomers are known, all of which are radioactive. Molybdenum metal costs about $1/g (99.999% purity). Commercial molybdenum metal (99.9%) costsabout $200/kg. ¹

Usos/Funciones

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"enzymes, sulfur metabolism…essential for enzymes in humans and other animals" ²
"Metallic molybdenum has important electrical uses as the supports of filaments in incandescent lamps and radio tubes, in resistance wires and contact points, on account of its high melting point." ³
"A number of transition metals (Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W) form interstitial carbides of composition MC and, in some cases, M₂C. These carbides have extremely high melting points; they are very hard, and they are good electrical conductors." ⁴

Magnitudes Físicas

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Punto de Fusión:⁵*	2623 °C = 2896.15 K = 4753.4 °F	Punto de Ebullición:⁵*	4639 °C = 4912.15 K = 8382.2 °F
Punto de Sublimación:⁵		Punto Triple:⁵
Punto Crítico:⁵

Densidad:⁶	10.2 g/cm³

* - at 1 atm

Configuración Electrónica y la Vinculación

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Configuración Electrónica: *	[Kr] 5s¹ 4d⁵				Estructura de Lewis
	* Excepción al principio de Aufbau.					x
Bloque:	d					Mo
Nivel Más Alto de Energía Ocupados:	5					Mo
Electrones de Valencia:	1
Números Cuánticos:	n = 4	ℓ = 2	m_ℓ = 2	m_s = +½

La información contenida en esta sección se pueden derivar de la tabla periódica. Diagramas de puntos de Lewis y electrones de valencia no son útiles para los metales de transición, lantánidos y actínidos. Sólo los electrones de valencia se muestran para estos elementos. Números cuánticos se dan para el final de electrones.

Electronegatividad (Escala de Pauling):⁷		2.16		Electropositivity (Escala de Pauling):		1.84
Afinidad Electrónica:⁸		0.748 eV		Estados de Oxidación:		+6,3,5
Función de Trabajo:⁹		4.30 eV = 6.8886E-19 J

Energía de Ionización	eV ¹⁰		kJ/mol	Energía de Ionización	eV ¹⁰		kJ/mol
1	7.09243		684.3	16	570		54996.6
2	16.16		1559.2	17	636		61364.7
3	27.13		2617.6	18	702		67732.7
4	46.4		4476.9	19	767		74004.2
5	54.49		5257.5	20	833		80372.3
6	68.8276		6640.9	21	902		87029.7
7	125.664		12124.7	22	968		93397.8
8	143.6		13855.3	23	1020		98415.0
9	164.12		15835.2	24	1082		104397.1
10	186.4		17984.9	25	1263		121860.9
11	209.3		20194.4	26	1323		127650.1
12	230.28		22218.6	27	1387		133825.1
13	279.1		26929.0	28	1449		139807.2
14	302.6		29196.5	29	1535		148104.9
15	544		52488.0	30	1601		154473.0

Termoquímica

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Capacidad Calorífica:		0.251 J/g°C ¹¹ = 24.081 J/mol°C = 0.060 cal/g°C = 5.755 cal/mol°C
Conductividad Térmica:		138 (W/m)/K, 27ºC ¹²
Entalpía de Fusión:		32 kJ/mol ¹³ = 333.5 J/g
Entalpía de Vaporización:		598 kJ/mol ¹⁴ = 6233.1 J/g

Estado de Agregación de la Materia	Entalpía de Formación¹⁵		Entropía¹⁵		Energía Libre de Gibbs¹⁵
	(kcal/mol)	(kJ/mol)	(cal/K)	(J/K)	(kcal/mol)	(kJ/mol)
(s)	0	0	6.85	28.6604	0	0
(g)	157.3	658.1432	43.461	181.840824	146.4	612.5376

Isótopos

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Nucleido	Masa ¹⁶	Periodo de Semidesintegración ¹⁶	Espín ¹⁶	Energía de enlace nuclear
¹⁰⁰Mo	99.907477(6)	8.5(5)E+18 a	0+	847.39 MeV
¹⁰¹Mo	100.910347(6)	14.61(3) min	1/2+	852.67 MeV
¹⁰²Mo	101.910297(22)	11.3(2) min	0+	860.75 MeV
¹⁰³Mo	102.91321(7)	67.5(15) s	(3/2+)	868.83 MeV
¹⁰⁴Mo	103.91376(6)	60(2) s	0+	876.91 MeV
¹⁰⁵Mo	104.91697(8)	35.6(16) s	(5/2-)	884.98 MeV
¹⁰⁶Mo	105.918137(19)	8.73(12) s	0+	893.06 MeV
¹⁰⁷Mo	106.92169(17)	3.5(5) s	(7/2-)	891.83 MeV
¹⁰⁸Mo	107.92345(21)#	1.09(2) s	0+	899.90 MeV
¹⁰⁹Mo	108.92781(32)#	0.53(6) s	(7/2-)#	907.98 MeV
¹¹⁰Mo	109.92973(43)#	0.27(1) s	0+	916.06 MeV
¹¹¹Mo	110.93441(43)#	200# ms [>300 ns]		914.82 MeV
¹¹²Mo	111.93684(64)#	150# ms [>300 ns]	0+	922.90 MeV
¹¹³Mo	112.94188(64)#	100# ms [>300 ns]		921.67 MeV
¹¹⁴Mo	113.94492(75)#	80# ms [>300 ns]	0+	929.74 MeV
¹¹⁵Mo	114.95029(86)#	60# ms [>300 ns]		928.51 MeV
⁸³Mo	82.94874(54)#	23(19) ms [6(+30-3) ms]	3/2-#	671.85 MeV
⁸⁴Mo	83.94009(43)#	3.8(9) ms [3.7(+10-8) s]	0+	687.38 MeV
⁸⁵Mo	84.93655(30)#	3.2(2) s	(1/2-)#	699.19 MeV
⁸⁶Mo	85.93070(47)	19.6(11) s	0+	712.86 MeV
⁸⁷Mo	86.92733(24)	14.05(23) s	7/2+#	723.73 MeV
⁸⁸Mo	87.921953(22)	8.0(2) min	0+	737.40 MeV
⁸⁹Mo	88.919480(17)	2.11(10) min	(9/2+)	747.34 MeV
⁹⁰Mo	89.913937(7)	5.56(9) h	0+	761.01 MeV
⁹¹Mo	90.911750(12)	15.49(1) min	9/2+	770.95 MeV
⁹²Mo	91.906811(4)	ESTABLE	0+	783.69 MeV
⁹³Mo	92.906813(4)	4.0(8)E+3 a	5/2+	791.77 MeV
⁹⁴Mo	93.9050883(21)	ESTABLE	0+	800.78 MeV
⁹⁵Mo	94.9058421(21)	ESTABLE	5/2+	808.86 MeV
⁹⁶Mo	95.9046795(21)	ESTABLE	0+	817.87 MeV
⁹⁷Mo	96.9060215(21)	ESTABLE	5/2+	824.08 MeV
⁹⁸Mo	97.9054082(21)	ESTABLE	0+	833.09 MeV
⁹⁹Mo	98.9077119(21)	2.7489(6) d	1/2+	839.31 MeV
Los valores marcados con # no se derivan exclusivamente de datos experimentales, pero al menos en parte, de las tendencias sistemáticas. Tiradas con argumentos de asignación débiles están encerrados entre paréntesis. ¹⁶

Reacciones

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Abundancia

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Tierra:	Fuente Compuestos:	sulfides ¹⁷
Tierra:	Agua de mar:	0.01 mg/L ¹⁸
Tierra:	Corteza:	1.2 mg/kg = 0.00012% ¹⁸
Tierra:	Total:	2.35 ppm ¹⁹
Mercurio:	Total:	1.81 ppm ¹⁹
Venus:	Total:	2.47 ppm ¹⁹
Condritas:	Total:	2.5 (relative to 10⁶ atoms of Si) ²⁰
Cuerpo Humano:	Total:	0.00001% ²¹

Compuestos

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Precios

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Ficha de Datos de Seguridad

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ACI Alloys, Inc.

Idiomas

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Afrikáans:	Molibdeen	Albanés:	Molibden	Armenio:	Մոլիբդեն	Árabe:	موليبيدنيوم
Arumano:	Molibdenu	Euskera:	Molibdenoa	Bosnio:	Molibden	Bretón:	Molibden
Búlgaro:	Молибден	Bielorruso:	Малібдэн	Catalán:	Molibdèn	Chino:	钼
Córnico:	Molybdenum	Croata:	Molibden	Checo:	Molybden	Danés:	Molybdæn
Neerlandés:	Molybdeen	Esperanto:	Molibdeno	Estonio:	Molübdeen	Feroés:	Molybden
Finés:	Molybdeeni	Francés:	Molybdène	Friulano:	Molibden	Frisio:	Molybdeen
Gallego:	Molibdeno	Georgiano:	მოლიბდენი	Alemán:	Molybdän	Griego:	Μολυβδενιο
Hebreo:	מוליבדן	Húngaro:	Molibdén	Islandés:	Mólýbden	Irlandés:	Molaibdéineam
Italiano:	Molibdeno	Japonés:	モリブデン	Casubio:	Molibdén	Kazajo:	Молибден
Coreano:	몰리브덴, 몰리브덴넘	Letónico:	Molibdens	Lituano:	Molibdenas	Luxemburgués:	Molybdän
Macedonio:	Молибден	Malayo:	Molibdenum	Maltés:	Molibdinum	Manés:	Molybdenum
Moksha:	Молибден	Mongol:	Молибден	Noruego:	Molybden	Occitano:	Molibdèn
Osetio:	Молибден	Polaco:	Molibden	Portugués:	Molibdénio	Ruso:	Молибден
Gaélico Escocés:	Molaibdeanam	Serbio:	Молибден	Eslovaco:	Molybdén	Español:	Molibdeno
:	Malibdenas	Suajili:	Molibdeni	Sueco:	Molybden	Tayiko:	Molibden
Tailandés:	โมลิบดีนัม	Turco:	Molibden	Ucraniano:	Молібден	Uzbeko:	Молибден
Vietnamita:	Molypden, Molipden	Galés:	Molybdenwm

Véase También

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Enlaces Externos:
About.com	American Elements
Chemical & Engineering News	Chemical Elements
ChemGlobe	Chemicool
Environmental Chemistry	Eni Generalic
HyperPhysics from Georgia State University's Department of Physics and Astronomy	InfoPlease
Lenntech	Laboratorio Nacional de Los Álamos
Physics Department of the University of Coimbra	Qivx Inc.
Royal Society of Chemistry's Visual Elements	Schenectady County Community College
Thomas Jefferson Lab National Accelerator Facility	WebElements
Wikipedia	X-ray properties: Carlo Segre from Illinois Institute of Technology
Revistas:
(1) Raloff, Janet. Desperately Seeking Moly. Science News, September 26, 2009, pp 16-20.

Fuentes

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(1) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:19-4:20.

(2) - Whitten, Kenneth W., Davis, Raymond E., and Peck, M. Larry. General Chemistry 6th ed.; Saunders College Publishing: Orlando, FL, 2000; p 926-7.

(3) - Brownlee, Raymond B., Fuller, Robert W., and Whitsit, Jesse E. Elements of Chemistry; Allyn and Bacon: Boston, Massachusetts, 1959; p 560.

(4) - Jolly, William L. The Chemistry of the Non-Metals; Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1966; p 119.

(5) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:132.

(6) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:39-4:96.

(7) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 11th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1973; p 4:8-4:149.

(8) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:147-10:148.

(9) - Speight, James. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 16th ed.; McGraw-Hill Professional: Boston, MA, 2004; p 1:132.

(10) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:178 - 10:180.

(11) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:133.

(12) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:193, 12:219-220.

(13) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:123-6:137.

(14) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:107-6:122.

(15) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 12th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1979; p 9:4-9:94.

(16) - Atomic Mass Data Center. http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html (accessed July 14, 2009).

(17) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 965.

(18) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 14:17.

(19) - Morgan, John W. and Anders, Edward, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 6973-6977 (1980)

(20) - Brownlow, Arthur. Geochemistry; Prentice-Hall, Inc.: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1979, pp 15-16.

(21) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 7:17.

Comentarios

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MOLIBDENO

Tabla Periódica

Metal	No Metal	Semimetal
Alcalino	Metales Alcalinotérreos	Metal de transición	Anfígeno	Halógeno
Gases nobles	Lantánido	Actínido	Tierras Raras	Platino Metal Grupo
Transuránicos	No Isótopos Estables
Sólido	Líquido	Gas	Sólido (Predicción)

molybdenum(II) bromide	molybdenum(III) oxide	molybdenum(IV) sulfide
molybdenum(II) chloride	molybdenum(III) sulfide	molybdenum(IV) telluride
molybdenum(II) iodide	molybdenum(IV) bromide	molybdenum(V) chloride
molybdenum(II) oxide	molybdenum(IV) chloride	molybdenum(V) fluoride
molybdenum(III) bromide	molybdenum(IV) fluoride	molybdenum(V) oxide
molybdenum(III) chloride	molybdenum(IV) iodide	molybdenum(VI) chloride
molybdenum(III) fluoride	molybdenum(IV) oxide	molybdenum(VI) fluoride
molybdenum(III) iodide	molybdenum(IV) selenide	molybdenum(VI) oxide
molybdenum(III) nitride	molybdenum(IV) silicide

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