CALCIO (Ca) • Elemento 20 • Magnitudes Físicas/Propiedades Químicas • Descripción • Usos/Funciones • Isótopos • Termoquímica • Reacciones • Configuración Electrónica y la Vinculación • Vídeo

CALCIO

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Introducción

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Número Atómico:	20	Grupo:	2 or II A	20	40.078
Peso Atómico:	40.078	Periodo:	4	Ca
		Número CAS:	7440-70-2	Ca
				CALCIO

Clasificación

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Descripción

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Though lime was prepared by the Romans in the first century under the name calx, the metal was not discovered until 1808. After learning that Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury, Davy was able to isolate the impure metal. Calcium is a metallic element, fifth in abundance in the earth’s crust, of which it forms more than 3%. It is an essential constituent of leaves, bones, teeth, and shells. Never found in nature uncombined, it occurs abundantly as limestone (CaCO3), gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O), and fluorite (Caf²); apatite is the fluorophosphate or chlorophosphate of calcium. The metal has a silvery color, is rather hard, and is prepared by electrolysis of the fused chloride to which calcium fluoride is added to lower the melting point. Chemically it is one of the alkaline earth elements; it readily forms a white coating of oxide in air, reacts with water, burns with a yellow-red flame, forming largely the oxide. The metal is used as a reducing agent in preparing other metals such as thorium, uranium, zirconium, etc., and is used as a deoxidizer, desulfurizer, and inclusion modifier for various ferrous and nonferrous alloys. It is also used as an alloying agent for aluminum, beryllium, copper, lead, and magnesium alloys, and serves as a “getter” for residual gases in vacuum tubes, etc. Its natural and prepared compounds are widely used. Quicklime (CaO), made by heating limestone and changed into slaked lime by the careful addition of water, is the great cheap base of chemical industry with countless uses. Mixed with sand it hardens as mortar and plaster by taking up carbon dioxide from the air. Calcium from limestone is an important element in Portland cement. The solubility of the carbonate in water containing carbon dioxide causes the formation of caves with stalactites and stalagmites and is responsible for hardness in water. Other important compounds are the carbide (CaC2), chloride (CaCl2), cyanamide (CaCN2), hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), and sulfide (CaS). Natural calcium contains six isotopes. Thirteen other radioactive isotopes are known. Metallic calcium (99.5%) costs about $200/kg. ¹

Usos/Funciones

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"found primarily in the structural minerals comprising bones and teeth" ²
"It has been suggested that magnesium, an essential component in chlorophyll, is removed from pine needles by the combined effects of ozone and acids...Another harmful effect of acid rain may be that it leaches essential metal ions such as Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ from soil as soluble salts." ³
"used as a reducing agent in the metallurgy of uranium, thorium, and other metals. It is also used as a scavenger to remove dissolved impurities such as oxygen, sulfur, and carbon in molten metals and to remove the residual gases in vacuum tubes. It is a component of many alloys." ⁴
"Reducing agent for production of less common metals' alloying agent to increase strength and corrosion resistance in lead, to improve mechanical and electrical properties in aluminum; refinign agent to remove bismuth from lead. In metallurgy as a scavenger to deoxidize, desulfurize and degas steel and cast iron; to control non-metallic inclusions in steel; to promote uniform microstructure in gray iron. As anode material in thermal batteries; as "getter" for oxygen and nitrogen." ⁵

Magnitudes Físicas

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Punto de Fusión:⁶*	842 °C = 1115.15 K = 1547.6 °F	Punto de Ebullición:⁶*	1484 °C = 1757.15 K = 2703.2 °F
Punto de Sublimación:⁶		Punto Triple:⁶
Punto Crítico:⁶

Densidad:⁷	1.54 g/cm³

* - at 1 atm

Configuración Electrónica y la Vinculación

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Configuración Electrónica:	[Ar] 4s²				Estructura de Lewis
						x
Bloque:	s					Ca	x
Nivel Más Alto de Energía Ocupados:	4					Ca
Electrones de Valencia:	2
Números Cuánticos:	n = 4	ℓ = 0	m_ℓ = 0	m_s = -½

La información contenida en esta sección se pueden derivar de la tabla periódica. Diagramas de puntos de Lewis y electrones de valencia no son útiles para los metales de transición, lantánidos y actínidos. Sólo los electrones de valencia se muestran para estos elementos. Números cuánticos se dan para el final de electrones.

Electronegatividad (Escala de Pauling):⁸		1.00		Electropositivity (Escala de Pauling):		3
Afinidad Electrónica:⁹		0.02455 eV		Estados de Oxidación:		+2
Función de Trabajo:¹⁰		2.71 eV = 4.34142E-19 J

Energía de Ionización	eV ¹¹		kJ/mol	Energía de Ionización	eV ¹¹		kJ/mol
1	6.11316		589.8	11	591.9		57109.7
2	11.87172		1145.4	12	657.2		63410.1
3	50.9131		4912.4	13	726.6		70106.2
4	67.27		6490.6	14	817.6		78886.4
5	84.5		8153.0	15	894.5		86306.1
6	108.78		10495.7	16	974		93976.7
7	127.2		12272.9	17	1087		104879.5
8	147.24		14206.5	18	1157.8		111710.7
9	188.54		18191.3	19	5128.8		494853.9
10	211.275		20384.9	20	5469.864		527761.5

Termoquímica

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Capacidad Calorífica:		0.647 J/g°C ¹² = 25.930 J/mol°C = 0.155 cal/g°C = 6.198 cal/mol°C
Conductividad Térmica:		200 (W/m)/K, 27ºC ¹³
Entalpía de Fusión:		8.54 kJ/mol ¹⁴ = 213.1 J/g
Entalpía de Vaporización:		153.3 kJ/mol ¹⁵ = 3825.0 J/g

Estado de Agregación de la Materia	Entalpía de Formación¹⁶		Entropía¹⁶		Energía Libre de Gibbs¹⁶
	(kcal/mol)	(kJ/mol)	(cal/K)	(J/K)	(kcal/mol)	(kJ/mol)
(s)	0	0	9.90	41.4216	0	0
(ℓ)	2.61	10.92024	12.11	50.66824	1.96	8.20064
(g)	42.85	179.2844	36.99	154.76616	34.78	145.51952

Isótopos

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Nucleido	Masa ¹⁷	Periodo de Semidesintegración ¹⁷	Espín ¹⁷	Energía de enlace nuclear
³⁴Ca	34.01412(32)#	<35 ns	0+	239.19 MeV
³⁵Ca	35.00494(21)#	25.7(2) ms	1/2+#	256.59 MeV
³⁶Ca	35.99309(4)	102(2) ms	0+	274.91 MeV
³⁷Ca	36.985870(24)	181.1(10) ms	(3/2+)	290.45 MeV
³⁸Ca	37.976318(5)	440(8) ms	0+	306.91 MeV
³⁹Ca	38.9707197(20)	859.6(14) ms	3/2+	320.58 MeV
⁴⁰Ca	39.96259098(22)	ESTABLE	0+	336.11 MeV
⁴¹Ca	40.96227806(26)	1.02(7)E+5 a	7/2-	344.19 MeV
⁴²Ca	41.95861801(27)	ESTABLE	0+	355.99 MeV
⁴³Ca	42.9587666(3)	ESTABLE	7/2-	364.07 MeV
⁴⁴Ca	43.9554818(4)	ESTABLE	0+	374.95 MeV
⁴⁵Ca	44.9561866(4)	162.67(25) d	7/2-	382.09 MeV
⁴⁶Ca	45.9536926(24)	ESTABLE	0+	392.97 MeV
⁴⁷Ca	46.9545460(24)	4.536(3) d	7/2-	400.11 MeV
⁴⁸Ca	47.952534(4)	43(38)E+18 a	0+	410.05 MeV
⁴⁹Ca	48.955674(4)	8.718(6) min	3/2-	415.34 MeV
⁵⁰Ca	49.957519(10)	13.9(6) s	0+	421.55 MeV
⁵¹Ca	50.9615(1)	10.0(8) s	(3/2-)#	425.91 MeV
⁵²Ca	51.96510(75)	4.6(3) s	0+	430.26 MeV
⁵³Ca	52.97005(54)#	90(15) ms	3/2-#	433.68 MeV
⁵⁴Ca	53.97435(75)#	50# ms [>300 ns]	0+	438.03 MeV
⁵⁵Ca	54.98055(75)#	30# ms [>300 ns]	5/2-#	440.52 MeV
⁵⁶Ca	55.98557(97)#	10# ms [>300 ns]	0+	443.94 MeV
⁵⁷Ca	56.99236(107)#	5# ms	5/2-#	445.50 MeV
Los valores marcados con # no se derivan exclusivamente de datos experimentales, pero al menos en parte, de las tendencias sistemáticas. Tiradas con argumentos de asignación débiles están encerrados entre paréntesis. ¹⁷

Reacciones

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Abundancia

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Tierra:	Fuente Compuestos:	carbonates/sulfates ¹⁸
Tierra:	Agua de mar:	412 mg/L ¹⁹
Tierra:	Corteza:	41500 mg/kg = 4.15% ¹⁹
Tierra:	:	2.1% ²⁰
Tierra:	Litosfera:	4.66% ²¹
Tierra:	Hidrosfera:	0.05% ²¹
Tierra:	Total:	1.54% ²²
Mercurio:	Total:	1.18% ²²
Venus:	Total:	1.61% ²²
Universo:	Total:	0.007% ²⁰
Condritas:	Total:	4.9×10⁴ (relative to 10⁶ atoms of Si) ²³
Cuerpo Humano:	Total:	1.4% ²⁴

Compuestos

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calcium acetate	calcium fumarate	calcium pantothenate
calcium acetate monohydrate	calcium gluconate	calcium perchlorate
calcium aluminate	calcium hydride	calcium permanganate
calcium arsenate	calcium hydrogen phosphate	calcium peroxide
calcium bisulfite	calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate	calcium perrhenate
calcium boride	calcium hydroxide	calcium phosphate
calcium bromide	calcium hypochlorite	calcium phosphide
calcium bromide dihydrate	calcium hypochlorite dihydrate	calcium propionate
calcium carbide	calcium hypophosphite	calcium pyrophosphate
calcium carbonate	calcium iodate	calcium selenide
calcium chlorate	calcium iodate monohydrate	calcium silicate
calcium chloride	calcium iodide	calcium silicide
calcium chloride dihydrate	calcium lactate pentahydrate	calcium stearate
calcium chloride hexahydrate	calcium lignosulfonate	calcium sulfate
calcium chromate	calcium magnesium carbonate	calcium sulfate dihydrate
calcium citrate	calcium molybdate	calcium sulfate hemihydrate
calcium cyanamide	calcium nitrate	calcium sulfide
calcium cyanide	calcium nitrate hydrate	calcium sulfite
calcium dichromate	calcium nitrate tetrahydrate	calcium telluride
calcium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate	calcium nitride	calcium tetrahydroaluminate
calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate	calcium nitrite	calcium titanate
calcium fluoride	calcium oxalate	calcium tungstate
calcium formate	calcium oxide

Ficha de Datos de Seguridad

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ACI Alloys, Inc.

Idiomas

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Afrikáans:	Kalsium	Albanés:	Kalcium	Armenio:	Կալցիում	Árabe:	كالسيوم
Arumano:	Caltsiumu	Euskera:	Kaltzioa	Bosnio:	Kalcij	Bretón:	Kalsiom
Búlgaro:	Калций	Bielorruso:	Кальцый	Catalán:	Calci	Chino:	铯
Córnico:	Calcyum	Croata:	Kalcij	Checo:	Vápník	Danés:	Calcium
Neerlandés:	Calcium	Esperanto:	Kalcio	Estonio:	Kaltsium	Feroés:	Kalsium
Finés:	Kalsium	Francés:	Calcium	Friulano:	Calci	Frisio:	Kalsium
Gallego:	Calcio	Georgiano:	კალციუმი	Alemán:	Kalzium	Griego:	Ασβεστιο
Hebreo:	סידן	Húngaro:	Kalcium	Islandés:	Kalsín	Irlandés:	Cailciam
Italiano:	Calcio	Japonés:	カルシウム	Casubio:	Kalcén	Kazajo:	Кальций
Coreano:	칼슘	Letónico:	Kalcijs	Lituano:	Kalcis	Luxemburgués:	Kalzium
Macedonio:	Калциум	Malayo:	Kalsium	Maltés:	Kalsjum	Manés:	Kelkium
Moksha:	Пургев	Mongol:	Кальци	Noruego:	Kalsium	Occitano:	Calci
Osetio:	Кальций	Polaco:	Wapn	Portugués:	Cálcio	Ruso:	Кальций
Gaélico Escocés:	Cailciam	Serbio:	Калциjум	Eslovaco:	Vápník	Español:	Calcio
:	Kalcijan	Suajili:	Kalisi	Sueco:	Kalcium	Tayiko:	Kal'ci'
Tailandés:	แคลเซียม	Turco:	Kalsiyum	Ucraniano:	Кальцій	Uzbeko:	Кальций
Vietnamita:	Canxi	Galés:	Calsiwm

Véase También

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Enlaces Externos:
About.com	American Elements
Chemical & Engineering News	Chemical Elements
ChemGlobe	Chemicool
Environmental Chemistry	Eni Generalic
HyperPhysics from Georgia State University's Department of Physics and Astronomy	InfoPlease
Lenntech	Laboratorio Nacional de Los Álamos
Physics Department of the University of Coimbra	Qivx Inc.
Royal Society of Chemistry's Visual Elements	Schenectady County Community College
Thomas Jefferson Lab National Accelerator Facility	WebElements
Wikipedia	X-ray properties: Carlo Segre from Illinois Institute of Technology

Fuentes

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(1) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:7.

(2) - Zumdahl, Steven S. Chemistry, 4th ed.; Houghton Mifflin: Boston, 1997; p 883.

(3) - Gillespie, Ronald J., Eaton, Donald R., Humphreys, David A., and Robinson, Edward A. Atoms, Molecules, and Reactions; Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1994; p 604.

(4) - Whitten, Kenneth W., Davis, Raymond E., and Peck, M. Larry. General Chemistry 6th ed.; Saunders College Publishing: Orlando, FL, 2000; p 930.

(5) - The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 13th ed.; Budavari, S.; O'Neil, M.J.; Smith, A.; Heckelman, P. E.; Kinneary, J. F., Eds.; Merck & Co.: Whitehouse Station, NJ, 2001; entry 1644.

(6) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:132.

(7) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:39-4:96.

(8) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 11th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1973; p 4:8-4:149.

(9) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:147-10:148.

(10) - Speight, James. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 16th ed.; McGraw-Hill Professional: Boston, MA, 2004; p 1:132.

(11) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:178 - 10:180.

(12) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:133.

(13) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:193, 12:219-220.

(14) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:123-6:137.

(15) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:107-6:122.

(16) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 12th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1979; p 9:4-9:94.

(17) - Atomic Mass Data Center. http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html (accessed July 14, 2009).

(18) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 965.

(19) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 14:17.

(20) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 962.

(21) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 964.

(22) - Morgan, John W. and Anders, Edward, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 6973-6977 (1980)

(23) - Brownlow, Arthur. Geochemistry; Prentice-Hall, Inc.: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1979, pp 15-16.

(24) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 7:17.

Comentarios

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CALCIO

Tabla Periódica

Metal	No Metal	Semimetal
Alcalino	Metales Alcalinotérreos	Metal de transición	Anfígeno	Halógeno
Gases nobles	Lantánido	Actínido	Tierras Raras	Platino Metal Grupo
Transuránicos	No Isótopos Estables
Sólido	Líquido	Gas	Sólido (Predicción)

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